AND and AND-OR drug mixture discriminations in rats: generalization to single drugs and drug mixtures.

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  • Additional Information
    • Source:
      Publisher: Springer-Verlag Country of Publication: Germany NLM ID: 7608025 Publication Model: Print Cited Medium: Print ISSN: 0033-3158 (Print) Linking ISSN: 00333158 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Psychopharmacology (Berl) Subsets: MEDLINE
    • Publication Information:
      Original Publication: Berlin, New York, Springer-Verlag.
    • Subject Terms:
      Discrimination, Psychological/*drug effects ; Generalization, Response/*drug effects; Animals ; Anti-Anxiety Agents/pharmacology ; Caffeine/pharmacology ; Central Nervous System Depressants/pharmacology ; Central Nervous System Stimulants/pharmacology ; Cocaine/pharmacology ; Dextroamphetamine/pharmacology ; Dopamine Uptake Inhibitors/pharmacology ; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug ; Drug Combinations ; Ethanol/pharmacology ; Male ; Midazolam/pharmacology ; Nicotine/pharmacology ; Nicotinic Agonists/pharmacology ; Rats
    • Abstract:
      Rationale: Studies of the discriminative stimulus effects of drug mixtures provide an approach to polydrug abuse and studies on single drugs with multiple effects.
      Objective: This study was designed to investigate whether the use of the AND-OR procedure increases the specificity of drug mixture discriminations.
      Methods: Rats were trained to discriminate a mixture of amphetamine (0.4 mg/kg) plus pentobarbitone (10 mg/kg) from saline (AND-discrimination, n = 8) or to discriminate the same mixture from its component drugs alone (AND-OR discrimination, n = 9). The studies used two-lever operant procedures with a tandem variable interval 1-min fixed ratio 10 schedule of food reinforcement.
      Results: Under AND-discrimination conditions, there was partial generalization to nicotine and midazolam when each drug was administered singly, and there was no generalization to cocaine, caffeine or ethanol. With the AND-OR discrimination, there was no generalization to any of the preceding drugs administered singly. In "single substitution" tests, nicotine or midazolam was co-administered with the training doses of pentobarbitone and amphetamine, respectively; there was full generalization in the AND-discrimination and partial generalization under AND-OR conditions. Cocaine co-administered with pentobarbitone generalized fully under both procedures, but the dose of cocaine needed was much larger in the AND-OR than in the AND-discrimination. In "dual substitution" tests, mixtures of two novel substances were tested. Mixtures of either nicotine plus midazolam or caffeine plus ethanol produced very marked generalization under AND-discrimination conditions, but were without significant effect in the AND-OR procedure. Throughout the studies, in every instance where comparisons were made, generalization was greater or occurred at lower doses under AND- than under the AND-OR discrimination.
      Conclusions: The study yielded extensive evidence supporting the hypothesis that the AND-OR discrimination procedure increases the specificity of discriminations based on drug mixtures.
    • Grant Information:
      DA 05543 United States DA NIDA NIH HHS
    • Accession Number:
      0 (Anti-Anxiety Agents)
      0 (Central Nervous System Depressants)
      0 (Central Nervous System Stimulants)
      0 (Dopamine Uptake Inhibitors)
      0 (Drug Combinations)
      0 (Nicotinic Agonists)
      3G6A5W338E (Caffeine)
      3K9958V90M (Ethanol)
      6M3C89ZY6R (Nicotine)
      I5Y540LHVR (Cocaine)
      R60L0SM5BC (Midazolam)
      TZ47U051FI (Dextroamphetamine)
    • Publication Date:
      Date Created: 19990505 Date Completed: 19990702 Latest Revision: 20191210
    • Publication Date:
      20240104
    • Accession Number:
      10.1007/s002130050919
    • Accession Number:
      10227080