Human sperm vitrification: the state of the art.

Publisher: BioMed Central Country of Publication: England NLM ID: 101153627 Publication Model: Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1477-7827 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 14777827 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Reprod Biol Endocrinol Subsets: MEDLINE

Original Publication: London : BioMed Central, 2003-

Freezing* ; Vitrification*; Cryopreservation/*methods ; Semen Preservation/*methods ; Spermatozoa/*physiology; Cryopreservation/trends ; Humans ; Male ; Reproducibility of Results ; Reproductive Techniques, Assisted/trends ; Semen Preservation/trends ; Sperm Motility/physiology

Sperm cryopreservation has been widely used in assisted reproductive technology (ART) and has resulted in millions of live births. Two principal approaches have been adopted: conventional (slow) freezing and vitrification. As a traditional technique, slow freezing has been successfully employed and widely used at ART clinics whereas the latter, a process to solidify liquid into an amorphous or glassy state, may become a faster alternative method of sperm cryopreservation with significant benefits in regard to simple equipment and applicability to fertility centers. Sperm vitrification has its own limitations. Firstly, small volume of load is usually plunged to liquid nitrogen to achieve high cooling rate, which makes large volume sample cryopreservation less feasible. Secondly, direct contact with liquid nitrogen increases the potential risk of contamination. Recently, new carriers have been developed to facilitate improved control over the volume and speed, and new strategies have been implemented to minimize the contamination risk. In summary, although sperm vitrification has not yet been applied in routine sperm cryopreservation, its potential as a standard procedure is growing.

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Keywords: Contamination; Cryopreservation; Liquid nitrogen; Semen; Spermatozoa; Vitrification

Date Created: 20200309 Date Completed: 20201207 Latest Revision: 20231113

20240105

PMC7060631

10.1186/s12958-020-00580-5

32145746