Concurrent advanced HIV disease and viral load suppression in a high-burden setting: Findings from the 2015-6 ZIMPHIA survey.

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  • Additional Information
    • Source:
      Publisher: Public Library of Science Country of Publication: United States NLM ID: 101285081 Publication Model: eCollection Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1932-6203 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 19326203 NLM ISO Abbreviation: PLoS One Subsets: MEDLINE
    • Publication Information:
      Original Publication: San Francisco, CA : Public Library of Science
    • Subject Terms:
      Surveys and Questionnaires*; HIV Infections/*drug therapy ; HIV Infections/*epidemiology ; Viral Load/*drug effects; Adolescent ; Adult ; Anti-HIV Agents/pharmacology ; Anti-HIV Agents/therapeutic use ; CD4 Lymphocyte Count ; Female ; HIV Infections/immunology ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Young Adult
    • Abstract:
      Background: As Zimbabwe approaches epidemic control of HIV, programs now prioritize viral load over CD4 monitoring, making it difficult to identify persons living with HIV (PLHIV) suffering from advanced disease (AD). We present an analysis of cross-sectional ZIMPHIA data, highlighting PLHIV with AD and concurrent viral load suppression (VLS).
      Methods: ZIMPHIA collected blood specimens for HIV testing from 22,501 consenting adults (ages 15 years and older); 3,466 PLHIV had CD4 and VL results. Household HIV testing used the national serial algorithm, and those testing positive then received point-of-care CD4 enumeration with subsequent VL testing. We used logistic regression analysis to explore factors associated with concurrent AD and VLS (<1000 copies/mL). All analyses were weighted to account for complex survey design.
      Results: Of the 3,466 PLHIV in the survey with CD4 and VL results, 17% were found to have AD (CD4<200cells/mm3). Of all AD patients, 30% had VLS. Concurrent AD and VLS was associated with male sex (aOR 2.45 95%CI 1.61-3.72), older age (35-49 years [aOR 2.46 95%CI 1.03-5.91] and 50+ years [aOR 4.82 95%CI 2.02-11.46] vs 15-24 years), and ART duration (<6 months [aOR 0.46 95%CI 0.29-0.76] and 6-24 months [aOR 2.07 95%CI 1.35-3.17] vs more than 2 years). The relationship between sex and AD is driven by age with significant associations among men aged 25-34, (aOR 3.37 95%CI 1.35-8.41), 35-49 (aOR 5.13 95%CI 2.16-12.18), and 50+ (aOR 12.56 95%CI 4.82-32.72) versus men aged 15-24.
      Conclusions: The percentage of PLHIV with AD and VLS illustrates the conundrum of decreased support for CD4 monitoring, as these patients may not receive appropriate clinical services for advanced HIV disease. In high-prevalence settings such as Zimbabwe, CD4 monitoring support warrants further consideration to differentiate care appropriately for the most vulnerable PLHIV. Males may need to be prioritized, given their over-representation in this sub-population.
      Competing Interests: The following authors were employed by CDC at the time of manuscript development: Balachandra, Rogers, Ruangtragool, Oboho, Paulin, Parekh, Birhanu, and Hakim. The following authors were employed by ICAP/Columbia University at the time of manuscript development: Radin and Musuka. This does not alter our adherence to PLOS ONE policies on sharing data and materials.
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    • Grant Information:
      U2G GH001226 United States GH CGH CDC HHS; United States PEPFAR PEPFAR
    • Accession Number:
      0 (Anti-HIV Agents)
    • Publication Date:
      Date Created: 20200626 Date Completed: 20200819 Latest Revision: 20240330
    • Publication Date:
      20240330
    • Accession Number:
      PMC7316262
    • Accession Number:
      10.1371/journal.pone.0230205
    • Accession Number:
      32584821