Evaluating the impact of a prison smoking ban on the cardiovascular health of men in a UK prison.

Ahead of Print

Publisher: Emerald Pub Country of Publication: England NLM ID: 101255940 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1744-9219 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 17449200 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Int J Prison Health Subsets: MEDLINE

Publication: [East Sussex, UK] : Emerald Pub.
Original Publication: London : Taylor & Francis, c2005-

Smoke-Free Policy* ; Prisoners* ; Cardiovascular Diseases*/epidemiology ; Cardiovascular Diseases*/prevention & control; Male ; Humans ; Middle Aged ; Aged ; Child, Preschool ; Child ; Prisons ; United Kingdom/epidemiology

Purpose: Smoking rates are known to be higher amongst those committed to prison than the general population. Those in prison suffer from high rates of comorbidities that are likely to increase their risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD), making it more difficult to manage. In 2016, a tobacco ban began to be implemented across prisons in England and Wales, UK. This study aims to measure the effect of the tobacco ban on predicted cardiovascular risk for those quitting smoking on admission to prison.
Design/methodology/approach: Using data from a prevalence study of CVD in prisons, the authors have assessed the effect of the tobacco ban on cardiovascular risk, using predicted age to CVD event, ten-year CVD risk and heart age, for those who previously smoked and gave up on admission to prison.
Findings: The results demonstrate measurable health gains across all age groups with the greatest gains found in those aged 50 years and older and who had been heavy smokers. Quitting smoking on admission to prison led to a reduced heart age of between two and seven years for all participants.
Originality/value: The data supports tobacco bans in prisons as a public health measure to reduce risk of CVD. Interventions are needed to encourage maintenance of smoking cessation on release from prison for the full health benefits to be realised.
(© Emerald Publishing Limited.)

ASH (2016), “Smoking statistics: who smokes and how much”, available at: http://ash.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/Smoking-Statistics-Who-Smokes-and-How-Much.pdf (accessed 7 August 2020).
Binswager, I., Carson, E., Kreuger, P., Mueller, S., Steiner, J. and Sabol, W. (2014), “Prison tobacco control policies and deaths from smoking in US prisons: population based retrospective analysis”, BMJ, Vol. 349 No. 3, p. 4542.
Clarke, J., Martin, R., Stein, L., et al. (2011), “Working inside for smoking elimination (project WISE) study design and rationale to prevent return to smoking after release from a smoke free prison”, BMC Public Health, Vol. 11 No. 1, p. 767.
Clarke, J., Stein, L., Martin, R., et al. (2013), “Forced smoking abstinence: not enough for smoking cessation”, JAMA Internal Medicine, Vol. 173 No. 9, pp. 789-794.
Doll, R., Peto, R., Boreham, J., et al. (2004), “Mortality in relation to smoking: 50 years' observations on male British doctors”, BMJ, Vol. 328 No. 7455, p. 1519.
Duncan, M.S., Freiberg, M.S., Greevy, R.A., et al. (2019), “Association of smoking cessation with subsequent risk of cardiovascular disease”, JAMA, Vol. 322 No. 7, pp. 642-650.
Frazer, K., Callinan, J.E., McHugh, J., et al. (2016), “Legislative smoking bans for reducing harms from secondhand smoke exposure, smoking prevalence and tobacco consumption”, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Vol. 2.
GBD (2017), “Risk factors collaborators. Global, regional, and national comparative risk assessment of 84 behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks or clusters of risks, 1990–2016: a systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study”, The Lancet, Vol. 390, pp. 1345-1422.
Gray, B.J., Craddock, C., Couzens, Z., et al. (2021), “Abundance of undiagnosed cardiometabolic risk within the population of a long-stay prison in the UK”, European Journal of Public Health, Vol. 31 No. 3, pp. 461-466.
Herbert, K., Plugge, E., Foster, C., et al. (2012), “Prevalence of risk factors for non-communicable disease in prison populations worldwide: a systematic review”, The Lancet, Vol. 379 No. 9830, pp. 1975-1982.
Jayes, L.R., Murray, R.L., Opazo Breton, M., et al. (2019), “Smoke-free prisons in England: indoor air quality before and after implementation of a comprehensive smoke-free policy”, Bmj Open, Vol. 9 No. 6, p. e025782.
Johnson, C., Chaput, J., Disparra, M., et al. (2019), “How did the tobacco ban increase inmates’ body weight during incarceration in Canadian federal penitentiaries? A cohort study”, Bmj Open, Vol. 9 No. 7, p. e024552.
Joint British Societies Board (2014), “Joint British societies’ consensus recommendations for the prevention of cardiovascular disease (JBS3)”, Heart, Vol. 100 No. 2, pp. 1-67.
Kyuwoong, K., Parks, S. and Lee, K. (2018), “Weight gain after smoking cessation does not modify its protective effect on myocardial infarction and stroke: evidence from a cohort study of men”, European Heart Journal, Vol. 39 No. 17, pp. 1523-1531.
Lincoln, T., Tuthill, R., Roberts, C., et al. (2009), “Resumption of smoking after release from a tobacco-free correctional facility”, Journal of Correctional Health Care, Vol. 15 No. 3, pp. 190-196.
Mallaina, P., Lionis, C., Rol, H., et al. (2013), “Smoking cessation and the risk of cardiovascular disease outcomes predicted from established risk scores: results of the cardiovascular risk assessment among smokers in primary care in Europe (CV-ASPIRE) study”, BMC Public Health, Vol. 13 No. 1, p. 362.
Meyers, D.G., Neuberger, J.S. and He, J. (2009), “Cardiovascular effect of bans on smoking in public places. A systematic review and Meta-Analysis”, Journal of the American College of Cardiology, Vol. 54 No. 14, pp. 1249-1255.
Mons, U., Müezzinler, A., Gellert, C., et al. (2015), “Impact of smoking and smoking cessation on cardiovascular events and mortality among older adults: meta-analysis of individual participant data from prospective cohort studies of the CHANCES consortium”, British Medical Journal, Vol. 350, p. 1551.
Munday, D., Leaman, J., O’Moore, E., et al. (2019), “The prevalence of non-communicable disease in older people in prison: a systematic review and Meta-analysis”, Age and Ageing, Vol. 48 No. 2, pp. 204-212.
Office for National Statistics (2011), “General lifestyle survey 2011”, available at: https://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20160105204800/http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/ghs/general-lifestyle-survey/2011/rpt-chapter-1.html#tab-Cigarette-consumption (accessed 13 April 2021).
Packham, C., Butcher, E., Williams, M., et al. (2020), “Cardiovascular risk profiles and the uptake of the NHS healthcheck programme in male prisoners in six UK prisons: an observational cross-sectional survey”, Bmj Open, Vol. 10 No. 5, p. e033498.
Pirie, K., Peto, R., Reeves, G.K., et al. (2013), “The 21st century hazards of smoking and benefits of stopping: a prospective study of one million women in the UK”, The Lancet, Vol. 381 No. 9861, pp. 133-141.
Public Health Wales (2020), “Smoking in Wales”, available at: https://publichealthwales.shinyapps.io/smokinginwales/ (accessed 5 August 2020).
Richmond, R., Butler, T., Wilhelm, K., et al. (2009), “Tobacco in prisons: a focus group study”, Tobacco Control, Vol. 18 No. 3, pp. 176-182.
Rigotti, N. and Clair, C. (2018), “Weight gain after smoking cessation: more data to refute concerns”, European Heart Journal, Vol. 39 No. 17, pp. 1532-1534.
Semple, S., Dobson, R. and Sweeting, H. (2020), “The impact of implementation of a national smoke-free prisons policy on indoor air quality: results from the tobacco in prisons study”, Tobacco Control, Vol. 29, p. 2.
Sims, M., Maxwell, R., Bauld, L., et al. (2010), “Short term impact of smoke-free legislation in England: retrospective analysis of hospital admissions for myocardial infarction”, British Medical Journal, Vol. 340, p. 2161.
Spaulding, A., Eldridge, G., Chico, C., et al. (2018), “Smoking in correctional settings worldwide: prevalence, bans and interventions”, Epidemiologic Reviews, Vol. 40 No. 1, pp. 82-95.
Sturge, G. (2021), “UK prison population statistics, house of commons library”, available at: https://researchbriefings.files.parliament.uk/documents/SN04334/SN04334.pdf (accessed 16 February 2022).
Thibodeau, L., Jorenby, D., Seal, D., et al. (2010), “Prelease intent predicts smoking behaviour postrelease following a prison smoking ban”, Nicotine & Tobacco Research, Vol. 12 No. 2, pp. 152-158.
Wang, E., Redmond, N., Dennison, C., et al. (2017), “Cardiovascular disease in incarcerated populations”, Journal of the American College of Cardiology, Vol. 69 No. 24, pp. 2967-2976.
Woodall, J., Dixey, R. and South, J. (2014), “Control and choice in English prisons: developing health-promoting prisons”, Health Promotion International, Vol. 29 No. 3, pp. 474-482.
Yusuf, S., Hawken, S. and Ounpuu, S. (2004), “Effect of potentially modifiable risk factors associated with myocardial infarction in 52 countries (the INTERHEART study): case-control study”, The Lancet, Vol. 364 No. 9438, pp. 937-952.

Keywords: Health in prison; Health policy; Health promotion; Health-promoting prison; Prisoners; Public health

Date Created: 20220610 Date Completed: 20240214 Latest Revision: 20240214

20240214

10.1108/IJPH-02-2022-0012

35687323