LAICISMO Y LIBERALISMO COMO PARADIGMAS DE INTERPRETACIÓN DE LOS DERECHOS HUMANOS.

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      LAICISM AND LIBERALISM AS PARADIGMS IN THE INTERPRETATION OF HUMAN RIGHTS. REFLECTIONS ON THE CONFIGURATION OF THE RELIGIOUS FREEDOM IN THE CONTEXT OF FRENCH DEBATE ABOUT THE ISLAMIC VEIL.
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    • Abstract:
      The use of Islamic veil for girls in public schools of France has aroused an important discussion about laicism, multiculturalism and religious freedom. This debate was under the scrutiny of the European Court of Human Rights, which issued several judgments about the problem. The requirement of neutrality, the fundamental principle of laicism, allows that the State, supposing to protect the freedom of conscience of no religious people, confines the exercise of religious freedom to the strict boundaries of private life. At the same time, while requiring neutrality, the State is trying to impose in the public arena a sort of civil religion, depriving of the right of expression in religion matters. These two elements could be found not only in the fathers and current thinkers of laicism, but in authors that, without this enrollment, are finally supporting the same conclusions. The principal mistake that is under that is a conception of freedom derived from the Illustrated liberalism, an error that in the end is derived of a limited conception of the man. The pretensions of these doctrines are impossible to perform, because the religion cannot be relegated to the interior of man without to force the freedom itself. If some States continue following these ideas, will be no limits in the violation of the individual freedoms. Therefore, instead to see the religion as a "toxic" element in the social sphere, the relationship between State and religion should be marked for a positive laicism. That implies a legitimate autonomy between them and to recognize the positive value of religion for the individual and social life, an element that is so valuable to the point that is consecrated as a human right. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
    • Abstract:
      El uso del velo islámico por las niñas en Francia ha suscitado un importante debate sobre el laicismo, el multiculturalismo y la libertad religiosa. Dicho debate ha llegado a la Corte Europea de Derechos Humanos, que ha dictado varias sentencias relativas al mismo. La exigencia de neutralidad, principio fundamental del laicismo, permite que el Estado laico, en pos de proteger la libertad de conciencia de los no religiosos, relegue el ejercicio de la libertad religiosa al ámbito interno y que, al tiempo que exige neutralidad, pretenda imponer en el ámbito público una suerte de religión civil, negando el derecho a la libertad de expresión en materia religiosa. Estos dos elementos no solo están en los fundadores y en los representantes actuales del laicismo, sino que también pueden verse actualmente en autores que, sin decirse laicistas, proponen relegar la propia convicción a lo privado y tener a nivel social una suerte de religión civil. El error fundamental subyacente radica en la concepción de libertad que han heredado del liberalismo ilustrado, error que responde en última instancia a una limitada concepción del hombre. Las pretensiones de estas posturas son irrealizables, pues la religión no puede relegarse solo al interior del hombre, y si los Estados se afianzan en estas posturas no habrá límites en el avasallamiento de las libertades individuales. Por tanto, en lugar de ver a la religión como un elemento tóxico en la esfera social, la relación entre el Estado y la religión debe estar marcada por un laicismo positivo, de legítima autonomía entre ambos, a la vez que de reconocimiento del valor positivo de la religión para la vida individual y social, al punto de estar consagrada como un derecho humano. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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