Chemical composition and origins of PM2.5 in Chiang Mai (Thailand) by integrated source apportionment and potential source areas.

Upper Southeast Asian region lacks source apportionment studies of air pollution, particularly PM 2.5 , despite its persistence. This study aims to quantify PM 2.5 source contributions and identify their potential source areas in urban Chiang Mai (Thailand) as a representative of the region, using the positive matrix factorization (PMF) receptor model and the potential source contribution function (PSCF). A total of 51 samples were collected and analyzed for water-soluble ions, organic carbon, elemental carbon, carbohydrates, carboxylates, and metals. An average PM 2.5 concentration of 116 ± 35 and 35 ± 6 μg m−3 was found during smoke-haze (SH) and non-smoke-haze (NSH) periods, respectively. The average PMF-resolved contributions to PM 2.5 in the SH period were the following: biomass burning (59.3 μg m−3) > secondary sulfate (26.2 μg m−3) > dust (16.1 μg m−3) > traffic (14.6 μg m−3). In contrast, those in the NSH period were the following: traffic (27.2 μg m−3) > dust (5.9 μg m-3) > biomass burning (2.5 μg m−3). The PSCF revealed that biomass burning has the main potential source area along the Thai-Myanmar border, while the secondary sulfate largely originated in Indian continent. Local pollution from traffic and dust contributed consistently but was minor in comparison. The source composition exhibited major seasonal change because of the lack of biomass burning and transboundary pollution in the wet season, where exhaust and non-exhaust traffic emissions became the main contributors. These findings offer insights into how regional PM 2.5 affects the local pollution in the urban atmosphere. [Display omitted] • Biomass burning contributed up to 51% of PM 2.5 during the smoke-haze (SH) period. • The main source area of biomass burning was along the Thai-Myanmar border. • Up to 23% of transboundary pollution from India contributed during the SH period. • Traffic emissions contributed to 76% of PM 2.5 during the non-smoke-haze period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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