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Miss Jane's Building (Edisto Library Temporary Location)
9 a.m. - 4 p.m.
Phone: (843) 869-2355
Main Library
9 a.m. - 8 p.m.
Phone: (843) 805-6930
West Ashley Library
9 a.m. - 7 p.m.
Phone: (843) 766-6635
Folly Beach Library
Closed for renovations
Phone: (843) 588-2001
John L. Dart Library
9 a.m. - 7 p.m.
Phone: (843) 722-7550
St. Paul's/Hollywood Library
9 a.m. - 8 p.m.
Phone: (843) 889-3300
Mt. Pleasant Library
9 a.m. – 8 p.m.
Phone: (843) 849-6161
Dorchester Road Library
9 a.m. - 8 p.m.
Phone: (843) 552-6466
Edgar Allan Poe/Sullivan's Island Library
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Phone: (843) 883-3914
John's Island Library
9 a.m. - 8 p.m.
Phone: (843) 559-1945
McClellanville Library
Closed for renovations
Phone: (843) 887-3699
Wando Mount Pleasant Library
9 a.m. - 8 p.m.
Phone: (843) 805-6888
Otranto Road Library
9 a.m. - 8 p.m.
Phone: (843) 572-4094
Hurd/St. Andrews Library
Closed (Toddler Storytime)
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Bees Ferry West Ashley Library
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Phone: (843) 805-6892
Village Library
9 a.m. - 6 p.m.
Phone: (843) 884-9741
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Phone: (843) 805-6909
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Botulinum Toxin Injection for the Treatment of Upper Esophageal Sphincter Dysfunction.
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- Author(s): Wei, Pengxu
- Source:
Toxins; May2022, Vol. 14 Issue 5, p321-321, 15p- Subject Terms:
- Source:
- Additional Information
- Abstract: Dysphagia associated with upper esophageal sphincter (UES) dysfunction remarkably affects the quality of life of patients. UES injection of botulinum toxin is an effective treatment for dysphagia. In comparison with skeletal muscles of the limb and trunk, the UES is a special therapeutic target of botulinum toxin injection, owing to its several anatomical, physiological, and pathophysiological features. This review focuses on (1) the anatomy and function of the UES and the pathophysiology of UES dysfunction in dysphagia and why the entire UES rather than the cricopharyngeal muscle before/during botulinum toxin injection should be examined and targeted; (2) the therapeutic mechanisms of botulinum toxin for UES dysfunction, including the choice of injection sites, dose, and volume; (3) the strengths and weaknesses of guiding techniques, including electromyography, ultrasound, computed tomography, and balloon catheter dilation for botulinum toxin injection of the UES. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Abstract: Copyright of Toxins is the property of MDPI and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Abstract:
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