Search Results

Display Settings
Results per page: 25
Sort By: Relevance
Filter
  • 1-25 of  98,729 results for ""INFECTIOUS disease transmission""

Your Filters

Format : Academic Journals Filter by : Subject
Reset filters
Item request has been placed! ×
Item request cannot be made. ×
loading  Processing Request
Academic Journal

Comprehensive knowledge of mother-to-child HIV/AIDS transmission, prevention, and associated factors among reproductive-age women in East Africa: insights from recent demographic and national health surveys.

  • Authors : Terefe B; Department of Community Health Nursing, School of Nursing, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia. .; Jembere MM

Subjects: Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice* ; HIV Infections*/HIV Infections*/HIV Infections*/epidemiology ; HIV Infections*/HIV Infections*/HIV Infections*/prevention & control

  • Source: BMC women's health [BMC Womens Health] 2024 Jun 01; Vol. 24 (1), pp. 318. Date of Electronic Publication: 2024 Jun 01.Publisher: BioMed Central Country of Publication: England NLM ID: 101088690 Publication Model: Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1472-6874

Record details

Read More Add to Saved list
×
Academic Journal

Magnitude and risk factors of mother-to-child transmission of HIV among HIV-exposed infants after Option B+ implementation in Ethiopia: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

  • Authors : Facha W; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, College of Health Sciences and Medicine, Wolaita Sodo University, Wolaita Sodo, P.O.BOX 136, Wolaita Sodo, Ethiopia. .; Tadesse T

Subjects: Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical*/Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical*/Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical*/prevention & control ; HIV Infections*/HIV Infections*/HIV Infections*/drug therapy ; HIV Infections*/HIV Infections*/HIV Infections*/transmission

  • Source: AIDS research and therapy [AIDS Res Ther] 2024 Jun 07; Vol. 21 (1), pp. 39. Date of Electronic Publication: 2024 Jun 07.Publisher: BioMed Central Country of Publication: England NLM ID: 101237921 Publication Model: Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1742-6405

Record details

Read More Add to Saved list
×
Academic Journal

Infant Feeding for Persons Living With and at Risk for HIV in the United States: Clinical Report.

Subjects: Breast Feeding* ; HIV Infections*/HIV Infections*/HIV Infections*/transmission ; HIV Infections*/HIV Infections*/HIV Infections*/prevention & control

  • Source: Pediatrics [Pediatrics] 2024 Jun 01; Vol. 153 (6).Publisher: American Academy of Pediatrics Country of Publication: United States NLM ID: 0376422 Publication Model: Print Cited Medium: Internet ISSN:

Record details

Read More Add to Saved list
×
Academic Journal

Tenofovir alafenamide or tenofovir disoproxil fumarate in pregnancy to prevent HBV transmission: Maternal ALT trajectory and infant outcomes.

  • Authors : Chen HL; Department of Pediatrics, National Taiwan University College of Medicine and Children's Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.; Department and Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Bioethics, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan.

Subjects: Tenofovir*/Tenofovir*/Tenofovir*/therapeutic use ; Tenofovir*/Tenofovir*/Tenofovir*/analogs & derivatives ; Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical*/Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical*/Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical*/prevention & control

  • Source: Liver international : official journal of the International Association for the Study of the Liver [Liver Int] 2024 Jun; Vol. 44 (6), pp. 1422-1434. Date of Electronic Publication: Publisher: Wiley-Blackwell Country of Publication: United States NLM ID: 101160857 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN:

Record details

Read More Add to Saved list
×
Academic Journal

Clinical Trials That Have Changed Clinical Practice and Care of Pregnant People With HIV.

  • Authors : Fisher SA; Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology.; Madden N

Subjects: HIV Infections*/HIV Infections*/HIV Infections*/drug therapy ; HIV Infections*/HIV Infections*/HIV Infections*/transmission ; HIV Infections*/HIV Infections*/HIV Infections*/prevention & control

  • Source: Clinical obstetrics and gynecology [Clin Obstet Gynecol] 2024 Jun 01; Vol. 67 (2), pp. 381-398. Date of Electronic Publication: 2024 Mar 07.Publisher: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Country of Publication: United States NLM ID: 0070014 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium:

Record details

Read More Add to Saved list
×
Academic Journal

Growth of infants delivered by mothers with HIV in Guangxi, China: An 18-month longitudinal follow-up study, 2015-2021.

  • Authors : Zhao J; Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Maternal & Child Health Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, China.; Zhang L

Subjects: HIV Infections*/HIV Infections*/HIV Infections*/drug therapy ; HIV Infections*/HIV Infections*/HIV Infections*/transmission ; Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical*/Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical*/Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical*/prevention & control

  • Source: HIV medicine [HIV Med] 2024 Jun; Vol. 25 (6), pp. 737-745. Date of Electronic Publication: 2024 Mar 13.Publisher: Wiley Country of Publication: England NLM ID: 100897392 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1468-1293

Record details

Read More Add to Saved list
×
Academic Journal

Possible vertical transmission of Chikungunya virus infection detected in the cord blood samples from a birth cohort in Vietnam.

  • Authors : Ngwe Tun MM; Department of Virology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan; Department of Tropical Viral Vaccine Development, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan

Subjects: Fetal Blood*/Fetal Blood*/Fetal Blood*/virology ; Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical*/Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical*/Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical*/statistics & numerical data ; Antibodies, Viral*/Antibodies, Viral*/Antibodies, Viral*/blood

  • Source: Journal of infection and public health [J Infect Public Health] 2024 Jun; Vol. 17 (6), pp. 1050-1056. Date of Electronic Publication: 2024 Apr 21.Publisher: Elsevier Country of Publication: England NLM ID: 101487384 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1876-035X

Record details

Read More Add to Saved list
×
Academic Journal

HPV infection and its correlation with p53 and Bcl-2 among pregnant mothers and their infants.

  • Authors : Sen S; Department of Viral Associated Human Cancer, Chittaranjan National Cancer Institute, 37, S.P. Mukherjee Road, Kolkata, 700026, India. .

Subjects: Papillomavirus Infections*/Papillomavirus Infections*/Papillomavirus Infections*/virology ; Tumor Suppressor Protein p53*/Tumor Suppressor Protein p53*/Tumor Suppressor Protein p53*/genetics ; Tumor Suppressor Protein p53*/Tumor Suppressor Protein p53*/Tumor Suppressor Protein p53*/metabolism

  • Source: Virus genes [Virus Genes] 2024 Jun; Vol. 60 (3), pp. 263-274. Date of Electronic Publication: 2024 Apr 25.Publisher: Kluwer Academic Country of Publication: United States NLM ID: 8803967 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN:

Record details

Read More Add to Saved list
×
Academic Journal

Effectiveness of telemedicine for the prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV in low-income and middle-income countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

  • Authors : Li D; Department of Maternal and Child Health, Peking University School of Public Health, Beijing, China.; Ma S

Subjects: Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical*/Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical*/Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical*/prevention & control ; HIV Infections*/HIV Infections*/HIV Infections*/transmission ; HIV Infections*/HIV Infections*/HIV Infections*/prevention & control

  • Source: International journal of infectious diseases : IJID : official publication of the International Society for Infectious Publisher: Elsevier Country of Publication: Canada NLM ID: 9610933 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1878-3511

Record details

Read More Add to Saved list
×
Academic Journal

Vertical Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 during Pregnancy: A Prospective Italian Cohort Study.

  • Authors : Costa S; Department of Woman and Child Health and Public Health, Catholic University of Sacred Heart, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy.; Giordano L

Subjects: Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical*/Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical*/Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical*/statistics & numerical data ; COVID-19*/COVID-19*/COVID-19*/transmission ; COVID-19*/COVID-19*/COVID-19*/diagnosis

  • Source: American journal of perinatology [Am J Perinatol] 2024 Jun; Vol. 41 (8), pp. 1077-1085. Date of Electronic Publication: 2022 Mar 09.Publisher: Thieme-Stratton Country of Publication: United States NLM ID: 8405212 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN:

Record details

Read More Add to Saved list
×
Academic Journal

Context-specific estimates of vertical transmission.

  • Authors : Tassembedo S; Infectious Disease Research Programme, Centre Muraz, National Institute of Public Health, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso 01 BP 390. Electronic address: .; Traore IT

Subjects: Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical*/Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical*/Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical*/prevention & control ; HIV Infections*/HIV Infections*/HIV Infections*/transmission ; HIV Infections*/HIV Infections*/HIV Infections*/epidemiology

  • Source: The lancet. HIV [Lancet HIV] 2024 Jun; Vol. 11 (6), pp. e353. Date of Electronic Publication: 2024 Apr 30.Publisher: Elsevier B.V Country of Publication: Netherlands NLM ID: 101645355 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN:

Record details

Read More Add to Saved list
×
Academic Journal

Money, chores and emotional support: Kenyan and Zambian fathers' perceptions of male partner involvement in maternal and infant health within the context of HIV.

  • Authors : Hampanda K; Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA.; Scandlyn J

Subjects: HIV Infections*/HIV Infections*/HIV Infections*/prevention & control ; HIV Infections*/HIV Infections*/HIV Infections*/transmission ; HIV Infections*/HIV Infections*/HIV Infections*/psychology

  • Source: Culture, health & sexuality [Cult Health Sex] 2024 Jun; Vol. 26 (6), pp. 747-762. Date of Electronic Publication: 2023 Sep 11.Publisher: Informa Healthcare Country of Publication: England NLM ID: 100883416 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN:

Record details

Read More Add to Saved list
×
Academic Journal

[Implementation of screening for cytomegalovirus congenital infection in a French type 3 maternity].

  • Authors : Coste-Mazeau P; Service de gynécologie obstétrique, hôpital Mère-Enfant, CHRU de Limoges, 8, avenue Dominique-Larrey, 87000 Limoges, France; Inserm, RESINFIT, U 1092, université de Limoges, CHU de Limoges, 1, rue du Pr Descottes, 87000 Limoges, France

Subjects: Cytomegalovirus Infections*/Cytomegalovirus Infections*/Cytomegalovirus Infections*/diagnosis ; Cytomegalovirus Infections*/Cytomegalovirus Infections*/Cytomegalovirus Infections*/congenital ; Cytomegalovirus Infections*/Cytomegalovirus Infections*/Cytomegalovirus Infections*/transmission

  • Source: Gynecologie, obstetrique, fertilite & senologie [Gynecol Obstet Fertil Senol] 2024 Jun; Vol. 52 (6), pp. 403-409. Date of Electronic Publication: 2024 Jan 23.Publisher: Elsevier Masson SAS Country of Publication: France NLM ID: 101693805 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN:

Record details

Read More Add to Saved list
×
Academic Journal

A Review of Updated Guidelines on Breastfeeding with Human Immunodeficiency Virus Using Relational Decision-Making and Intellectual Humility to Support Infant Feeding Choices.

  • Authors : Barr EA; University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Cizik School of Nursing, 6901 Bertner Avenue, SON 5th Floor, Houston, TX 77030, USA. Electronic address: .; Abuogi LL

Subjects: Breast Feeding*/Breast Feeding*/Breast Feeding*/psychology ; HIV Infections*/HIV Infections*/HIV Infections*/psychology ; Decision Making*

  • Source: The Nursing clinics of North America [Nurs Clin North Am] 2024 Jun; Vol. 59 (2), pp. 309-327. Date of Electronic Publication: 2024 Mar 15.Publisher: W B Saunders Country of Publication: United States NLM ID: 0042033 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN:

Record details

Read More Add to Saved list
×
Academic Journal

Prevention and management of VZV infection during pregnancy and the perinatal period.

  • Authors : Charlier C; Université Paris Cité, Paris Centre University Hospital, Infectious Diseases Transversal Team, Infectious Diseases Department, AP-HP, FHU Prema, Paris, France; Institut Pasteur, French National Reference Center and WHO Collaborating Center Listeria, Biology of Infection Unit, Inserm U1117, Paris, France. Electronic address: .

Subjects: Pregnancy Complications, Infectious*/Pregnancy Complications, Infectious*/Pregnancy Complications, Infectious*/prevention & control ; Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical*/Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical*/Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical*/prevention & control ; Varicella Zoster Virus Infection*/Varicella Zoster Virus Infection*/Varicella Zoster Virus Infection*/prevention & control

  • Source: Infectious diseases now [Infect Dis Now] 2024 Jun; Vol. 54 (4), pp. 104857. Date of Electronic Publication: 2024 Feb 02.Publisher: Elsevier Masson Country of Publication: France NLM ID: 101775152 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN:

Record details

Read More Add to Saved list
×
Academic Journal

Higher CCR5 density on CD4 + T-cells in mothers and infants is associated with increased risk of in-utero HIV-1 transmission.

  • Authors : Shalekoff S; Centre for HIV and STIs, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, a division of the National Health Laboratory Service, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.; Dias BDC

Subjects: Receptors, CCR5* ; HIV Infections*/HIV Infections*/HIV Infections*/transmission ; HIV Infections*/HIV Infections*/HIV Infections*/immunology

  • Source: AIDS (London, England) [AIDS] 2024 Jun 01; Vol. 38 (7), pp. 945-954. Date of Electronic Publication: 2024 Feb 14.Publisher: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Country of Publication: England NLM ID: 8710219 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet

Record details

Read More Add to Saved list
×
Academic Journal

Vertical transmission of SARS-CoV-2 delta-variant in a preterm infant.

  • Authors : Zia MTK; Department of Pediatrics, Maria Fareri Children's Hospital at Westchester Medical Center, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, USA.; Department of Pediatrics, New York-Presbyterian/Hudson Valley Hospital, Cortlandt Manor, NY, USA.

Subjects: Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical* ; COVID-19*/COVID-19*/COVID-19*/transmission ; COVID-19*/COVID-19*/COVID-19*/virology SARS-CoV-2 variants

  • Source: BMC infectious diseases [BMC Infect Dis] 2024 May 28; Vol. 24 (1), pp. 537. Date of Electronic Publication: 2024 May 28.Publisher: BioMed Central Country of Publication: England NLM ID: 100968551 Publication Model: Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1471-2334

Record details

Read Online Read More Add to Saved list
×
Academic Journal

Employing digital PCR for enhanced detection of perinatal Toxoplasma gondii infection: A cross-sectional surveillance and maternal-infant outcomes study in El Salvador.

  • Authors : Lynn MK; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, United States of America.; Rodriguez Aquino MS

Subjects: Toxoplasma*/Toxoplasma*/Toxoplasma*/genetics ; Toxoplasma*/Toxoplasma*/Toxoplasma*/immunology ; Toxoplasma*/Toxoplasma*/Toxoplasma*/isolation & purification

  • Source: PLoS neglected tropical diseases [PLoS Negl Trop Dis] 2024 May 20; Vol. 18 (5), pp. e0012153. Date of Electronic Publication: 2024 May 20 (Print Publication: 2024).Publisher: Public Library of Science Country of Publication: United States NLM ID: 101291488 Publication Model: eCollection Cited Medium: Internet

Record details

Read Online Read More Add to Saved list
×
Academic Journal

Epidemiology of an overlapping and parallel infection of Sexually Transmitted Infections among pregnant women in North-east Ethiopia: Its implication for prevention of mother to child transmission.

  • Authors : Gedefie A; Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Wollo University, Dessie, Ethiopia.; Debash H

Subjects: Sexually Transmitted Diseases*/Sexually Transmitted Diseases*/Sexually Transmitted Diseases*/epidemiology ; Sexually Transmitted Diseases*/Sexually Transmitted Diseases*/Sexually Transmitted Diseases*/transmission ; Pregnancy Complications, Infectious*/Pregnancy Complications, Infectious*/Pregnancy Complications, Infectious*/epidemiology

  • Source: PloS one [PLoS One] 2024 May 20; Vol. 19 (5), pp. e0300149. Date of Electronic Publication: 2024 May 20 (Print Publication: 2024).Publisher: Public Library of Science Country of Publication: United States NLM ID: 101285081 Publication Model: eCollection Cited Medium: Internet

Record details

Read Online Read More Add to Saved list
×
Academic Journal

Characterization of Natural Killer Cell Profile in a Cohort of Infected Pregnant Women and Their Babies and Its Relation to CMV Transmission.

  • Authors : Pighi C; Research Unit of Clinical Immunology and Vaccinology, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, 00165 Rome, Italy.; Rotili A

Subjects: Killer Cells, Natural*/Killer Cells, Natural*/Killer Cells, Natural*/immunology ; Cytomegalovirus Infections*/Cytomegalovirus Infections*/Cytomegalovirus Infections*/immunology ; Cytomegalovirus Infections*/Cytomegalovirus Infections*/Cytomegalovirus Infections*/virology

  • Source: Viruses [Viruses] 2024 May 14; Vol. 16 (5). Date of Electronic Publication: 2024 May 14.Publisher: MDPI Country of Publication: Switzerland NLM ID: 101509722 Publication Model: Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1999-4915

Record details

Read More Add to Saved list
×
Academic Journal

Premature skewing of T cell receptor clonality and delayed memory expansion in HIV-exposed infants.

  • Authors : Dzanibe S; Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.; Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.

Subjects: HIV Infections*/HIV Infections*/HIV Infections*/immunology ; HIV Infections*/HIV Infections*/HIV Infections*/virology ; Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical*

  • Source: Nature communications [Nat Commun] 2024 May 14; Vol. 15 (1), pp. 4080. Date of Electronic Publication: 2024 May 14.Publisher: Nature Pub. Group Country of Publication: England NLM ID: 101528555 Publication Model: Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN:

Record details

Read More Add to Saved list
×
Academic Journal

Prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV service interruptions amid COVID-19 pandemic.

  • Authors : Setshedi FMQ; Department of Nursing, Faculty of Healthcare Sciences, Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, Pretoria. .; Tshivhase L

Subjects: Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical*/Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical*/Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical*/prevention & control ; COVID-19*/COVID-19*/COVID-19*/prevention & control ; COVID-19*/COVID-19*/COVID-19*/epidemiology

  • Source: South African family practice : official journal of the South African Academy of Family Practice/Primary Care [S Afr Fam Pract (2004)] 2024 May 13; Vol. 66 (1), pp. e1-e8. Date of Publisher: AOSIS Publishing Country of Publication: South Africa NLM ID: 9701104 Publication Model: Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN:

Record details

Read More Add to Saved list
×
Academic Journal

Strategic HIV Case Findings among Infants at Different Entry Points of Health Facilities in Cameroon: Optimizing the Elimination of Mother-To-Child Transmission in Low- and- Middle-Income Countries.

  • Authors : Nkenfou CN; Chantal BIYA International Reference Centre for research on HIV/AIDS Prevention and Management, Yaoundé P.O. Box 3077, Cameroon.; Higher Teacher Training College, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé P.O. Box 3077, Cameroon.

Subjects: Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical*/Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical*/Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical*/prevention & control ; HIV Infections*/HIV Infections*/HIV Infections*/transmission ; HIV Infections*/HIV Infections*/HIV Infections*/prevention & control

  • Source: Viruses [Viruses] 2024 May 10; Vol. 16 (5). Date of Electronic Publication: 2024 May 10.Publisher: MDPI Country of Publication: Switzerland NLM ID: 101509722 Publication Model: Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1999-4915

Record details

Read More Add to Saved list
×
Academic Journal

Risk of transmission of HIV to infants during breast/chest feeding when mothers/birthing parents living with HIV are on antiretroviral therapy: a protocol for a rapid review.

  • Authors : Djiadeu P; Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada .; STBBI Guidance, Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.

Subjects: HIV Infections*/HIV Infections*/HIV Infections*/drug therapy ; HIV Infections*/HIV Infections*/HIV Infections*/transmission ; Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical*/Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical*/Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical*/prevention & control

  • Source: BMJ open [BMJ Open] 2024 May 06; Vol. 14 (5), pp. e084436. Date of Electronic Publication: 2024 May 06.Publisher: BMJ Publishing Group Ltd Country of Publication: England NLM ID: 101552874 Publication Model: Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN:

Record details

Read More Add to Saved list
×
Academic Journal

Impact and economic analysis of human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1)-targeted antenatal screening, England and Wales, 2021.

  • Authors : Rosadas C; Section of Virology, Department of Infectious Disease, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.; Costa M

Subjects: HTLV-I Infections*/HTLV-I Infections*/HTLV-I Infections*/prevention & control ; HTLV-I Infections*/HTLV-I Infections*/HTLV-I Infections*/epidemiology ; HTLV-I Infections*/HTLV-I Infections*/HTLV-I Infections*/transmission

  • Source: Euro surveillance : bulletin Europeen sur les maladies transmissibles = European communicable disease bulletin [Euro Surveill] 2024 May; Vol. 29 (22).Publisher: European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC) Country of Publication: Sweden NLM ID: 100887452 Publication

Record details

Read More Add to Saved list
×
  • 1-25 of  98,729 results for ""INFECTIOUS disease transmission""